The Fine Guidance Sensor: Webb's Canadian eye on the sky
The James Webb Space Telescope promises to change the way we see the cosmos by collecting breakthrough observations of galaxies, stars, and planets. But to do this, Webb must have a precise and stable eye on the universe. The telescope's Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS), one of Canada's contributions, plays a critical role in this epic mission.
The FGS will now be crucial in aligning Webb's massive mirror, as the Optical Telescope Element undergoes fine-tuning in space. After its launch on , the James Webb Space Telescope was carefully unfolded en route to its final destination, 1.5 million kilometres away from Earth. Instrument commissioning is expected to begin once mission teams have confirmed the successful completion of mirror alignment.
The James Webb Space Telescope will be the most important space observatory of the next decade, serving astronomers from all over the world. (Credit: Canadian Space Agency, NASA)
How telescopes take aim
To take an image of a celestial object, a camera must be attached to a telescope. As is the case with typical photography, it is possible to leave the camera's shutter open for a longer period of time to take a long-exposure image.
This ability is especially useful in astronomy, since it enables a telescope to gather more light and allows the observation of even fainter objects.
When taking long exposures in astronomy, it is important to have the camera and telescope pointing precisely at the object of interest during the entire observation. If the telescope does not stay fixed on the target, the result is a blurred image.
In the case of telescopes and observatories on Earth, astronomers must compensate for Earth's rotation. Ground-based telescopes thus have tracking systems which allow them to lock on to their targets.
In space, Earth's rotation is no longer an issue. However, any possible motion or vibration must be accounted for. To take clear, high-resolution images, space telescopes use guidance systems to lock on to guide stars near the celestial object they are observing.
Using the position of these stars as a reference, a guidance sensor sends signals to other parts of the telescope to make necessary adjustments to compensate for any movement.
When a guide star is not available near a celestial target, some ground-based telescopes can create artificial guide stars using lasers. The Gemini North Observatory on Mauna Kea points its Adaptive Optics Laser Guide Star into the night sky. (Credit: Stéphane Courteau/Queen's University)
Webb's FGS: A crucial Canadian contribution
Guidance sensors have been used for space astronomy for many years. The Hubble Space Telescope's sensor helped create the breathtaking images that have ignited the public's imagination for decades.
To make the most out of the Webb Telescope's incredible capabilities, it was vital to design and build the most precise guidance sensor on any space telescope to date. And the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) has contributed this mission-critical element.
An engineering test unit of the FGS is pictured before cryogenic testing at the CSA's David Florida Laboratory in Ottawa. (Credit: CSA, Honeywell Canada)
To help Webb aim at its celestial targets, the FGS relays information to the observatory's Attitude Control Subsystem, designed to move the telescope and point it at the object of interest.
To ensure Webb stays locked on its target, the FGS measures the exact position of a guide star in its field of view and sends adjustments to the telescope's optical system 16 times a second!
In addition to its speed, the FGS also needs to be incredibly precise. The Canadian-made sensor is so sensitive that it can detect a tiny angular displacement equivalent to the thickness of a human hair as seen from one kilometre away. That's like spotting someone blink in Toronto, all the way from Montreal!
While the FGS will not take any scientific observations itself, it will be used alongside Webb's scientific instruments (including the Canadian-contributed NIRISS [Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph] instrument) for each and every observation made by the revolutionary telescope.
Every single image taken by the Webb Telescope – revealing other worlds, probing newborn galaxies, and shedding light on the formation and evolution of distant stars – will have been made possible thanks to Webb's Canadian eye on the sky!
An international collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency and the CSA, the James Webb Space Telescope is the most complex and powerful space telescope ever built. Canada contributed two key elements to Webb: the FGS and the NIRISS. In exchange for that contribution, Canadian researchers will have access to 5% of the observing time available to the international community.
Text version - Canada's stellar navigator on the James Webb Space Telescope - infographic
The Canadian-made FGS on the James Webb Space Telescope contains two cameras that are critical to Webb's ability to "see." They use cosmic reference points – known as guide stars – to help the massive observatory precisely calculate its position in space. (Credit: CSA)
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